At the time, there were several different, opposing streams of Judaism. Jesus opposed the Sadducee stream (which was also the ruling class and in charge of the temple) and his beliefs tend to be more in the direction of the Pharisee stream. Sadducees died out in the century after Jesus lived and contemporary Judaism is entirely decended from the Pharisees. Thus, not as much of a conflict as you'd think.
Note: The preceding paragraph would be considered controversial to many Christians, who blame the Pharisees for killing Jesus'. Actually, if anyone is responsible for his death it would be either the Romans or the Priestly Caste, who were all Sadducees. The whole anti-Pharisee thing is political; when the gospels were being written, the Judeo-Christians experienced vilification and discrimination from the Pharisees so it was convenient for them to choose a contemporary scapegoat.
Also, Jesus never intended to establish a new religion; it was his followers who did that.
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