Well, probably the biggest misconception and the aspect most retroactive to progress about the Cold War is it was advertised (And to some extent still is) as a 'War of Ideology'. This created the 'Us and them' mentally which is still very present in America, as well as some parts of Europe.
That's dumb, the Cold War was never a 'War of Ideology'. It was between an evil tyrant hiding behind an ideology that him, his colleagues and his predecessor had long since warped and perverted and the rest of the world, who were rightly terrified at his efficiency and ambition.
So yeah, one of the biggest ideological obstacles in place to people accepting Socialism as an alternative to Capitalism is the inherent associations to Stalinism, Khrushchevism and to some degree Leninism.
I'd just like to take a moment to recommend
this book to anyone interested. Rius is a very funny and interesting cartoonist and writer.
EDIT:
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Yes, it's since when has it come to be synonymous with Fascism?
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Actually it's dumb interpretations of Animal Farm and 1984 that have also played a huge part in that. Most people who have never read either of these books will tell you that both of them are considered objections to Communist thought. Which is bullshit.